MOROCOMorocco,. Morocco Arab Islamic State in the far north-west Africa. The open Uqba Morocco maximum year 62 AH, 681 AD, but opened the final was the hand of Moses bin Naseer years 88 E, 707 m, and continued in diameter from African countries to the year 172 AH, 788 m run referees affiliated to the governors of Kairouan. Morocco has witnessed maximum later emergence of ruling families and the states, but remained linked to the generality of the Arab Maghreb to the end of the ninth century AH (the end of the fifth century AD) because most of the ruling families and Ifriqiya was yearning to extend its authority over the entire Maghreb. Not be separated completely of Morocco maximum privacy but when the Ottomans efforts failed in annexation state Saadia, and after the middle of the eleventh century AH (mid-sixteenth century AD).
State Idrisids (172 - 364 e, 788 - 974 AD)
Founded by Idris bin Abdullah, grandson of Hassan ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib, had joined Morocco maximum after surviving a reality trap year 169 AH, 785 AD. There he turned around some tribes declared independent Shiite Emirate Kairouan 172 e. The son Idris II (193 - 214 AH) the real founder of this state and its capital of Fez. Have split after ten sons and then regained its unity in the reign of Prince Yahya (221 - 234 AH) divided beyond, stayed well to the Fatimids captured Morocco maximum year 310 AH, 921 m. Umayyads in Andalusia spent on what was left of the impact Idrisids in the mountains adjacent to Tangier year 364 AH, 974 CE. This has had a state Idrisids role in spreading Islam and the Arabic language among the Berber tribes in Morocco maximum. See: Idrisids, State.
State stationed (448-541 AH 0.1056 to 1147 AD)
In their origin back to a religious reform movement appeared before the middle of the fifth century AH (mid-eleventh century AD) in the desert of southern Morocco maximum initiative of Yahya bin Ibrahim Aljaddala Sheikh tribe arguing Alsnhadjiyh. See: Mauritania; Tunisia. The motion alleges Abdullah bin Yassin Jazouli and called his supporters stationed. Ibn Yasin leadership left military stationed Yahya bin age Amtona. As Yahya died in 448 AH (1056 AD) was succeeded by his brother Abu Bakr and his cousin Ibn Yasin. And when he died I'm Yassin in 451 AH (1059 AD) to avoid Abubakar Ibn Yasin dispute that went first to the south Fincher Islam there, Yasin continued walking northward. Built Tashafeen city of Marrakech in 454 AH (1062 AD). During the reign of Ibn Yasin (480 - 500 AH) was seized on the rest of the Far Morocco and Morocco East to the outskirts of the emirate of Bani Hammad Zirids. Through Ibn Yasin to Andalusia when ?????? by some princes, and won on Alfonso VI in battle Zallaqa year 479 AH 0.1086 m, then returned to it in 481 e and 483 e Vozah Taifa result continues divisions, and their reluctance to loyalty to the marabouts, and the continuing danger Christian, right Andalusia state stationed. But the power of marabouts it soon disrupted during the reign of his son, Ali (500-537) both Morocco and Andalusia because of local uprisings and defeats at the hands of Christians, and something monotheists began to appear. This was followed by Prince Ali Ben Youssef three princes of marabouts and continued to struggle against the uniform, so they seized the capital Marrakech, killing last princes stationed Isaac Ben Ali Ben Youssef, and destroyed the country stationed year 541 AH, 1147 AD. See: stationed state.
Unitarian state (541 - 668 AH, 1147 - 1269 AD)
Showed Mohammed bin Toumert (514-1120 e) opposition stationed in Marrakech year 514 AH. When expelled Prince Ali Ben Youssef, go to Mount Darren Far southern Morocco, where he announced his call in 515 AH, 1121 AD to the doctrine of Tawhid, claiming to be the Mahdi and the percentage of connection with the messenger ³ branch of al-Hasan ibn Ali. This year, he defeated campaign Almoravid came asking in Agelez, then took years 518 AH, 1124 CE City Tnmell a base wage of years 524 e 0.1129 m unsuccessful campaign to Marrakech, where he died Fbaya followers inherent and captain Abdul Momin bin Ali (524-541 AH) Vtlqub caliphate faithful and conflict, benefiting from continued worsening difficulties Almoravid state, seized on Oran and Fez and Marrakesh year 541 AH, 1147 AD. Also through to Andalusia in the same year, seized on Seville and Cordoba then Granada. In the year 546 AH, 1151 AD began to expand eastward toward the Emirate of Bani Hammad, and her retreat was and Normans knocking coasts, seized on the Bejaia, Annaba and Constantine and Setif. In 554 AH 0.1159 m went to Africa (Tunisia) on land and sea, Vokhaddaha and besieged Mahdia even surrendered was out of Norman Salha year 555 AH 0.1160 m, and so united Maghreb from winger west, and became the capital Marrakech capitals Islamic world major.
Unitarian state experienced a power continued to last the reign of Caliph Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur (580-595 AH), then Malbut troubled political situation since the beginning of the seventh century AH (the beginning of the third century AD) between the Ghanaian and intervention defeat Khalifa Nasser signed in Andalusia in front of punishment Christians year 609 AH, 1212 AD, and a struggle for power between the princes monotheists. Fajtl it in Morocco and Andalusia and weakened the authority of the caliphs in Marrakech, and a strong influence governors and tribal approaching, and the state tended to decay. Fanfsal sons Hood and sons Red Andalusia, and Wally Christians attacks and seized cities and fortifications, and rode sons Hafs Ifriqiya (Tunisia) Year 634 AH, 1236, and the sons of Abdul-Wad Morocco East in 633 AH 0.1235 m, and grew ordered built Marin Morocco maximum even seized Marrakech in 668 AH , 1269, then Tnmell year 674 AH, 1275 AD.
The Proliferation Security during the strength of the State uniform, and geographic reach of this state, have helped the diversity of agricultural products and industrial, and thus the growth of trade exchange procedure between countries Maghreb and Andalusia, and foreign trade between them and the country of Sudan and Europe Christianity and Italian cities especially. As construction boomed and the development of architectural art, appeared in Almohad effects, especially mosques, meeting Moroccan and Andalusian influences and Eastern. Lighthouse Mosque of Hassan in Rabat and Marrakech rod and the Great Mosque of Seville and Giralda Lighthouse. As well as active intellectual life in the era of uniform, as a result Aatnaúhm building public schools since the seventh century AH (third century AD), where the spread of formal education free, and bring the caliphs of scientists and philosophers. Vlma in philosophy and medicine Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail (doctor Caliph Abu Ya'qub Yusuf), and Abu Bakr Ibn Zahr Ishbili (caliphs doctor Abdul insured and his son Joseph and grandson Jacob Mansour), and Abu al-Walid Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Rushd. Also emerged in the natural sciences and pharmaceutical Abu Abbas Ahmed bin Mohammed bin delightful Umayyad better known son turkeys, and Ziauddin bin Abdul-Malik al-Maliki Fassi known son ??????, In math I'm happy Qaisi Qurtubi, Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn pilgrims known as Ibn Yasmin Fassi. See: uniform, state.
State Marinid (668-869 AH 0.1269 to 1465 AD)
Belongs sons Marin Zenata tribe, has ordered them began to appear in the far south of Morocco led by Abu Mohammed Abdelhak Ben Mahiou, which defeated the army of Unitarian year 613 AH, 1216 AD. But the state of Bani Marin was actually formed only with Abu Yusuf Ya'qub ibn Abdul Haq known Sultan Mansur, who seized Marrakech year 668 AH, 1269 AD, and became extinct on his hands Almohads year 674 AH, 1275 - 1276 m.
Marinid state tried to extend its influence over the entire Maghreb, and establish a large country-style uniform. But they did not succeed in this only for short periods of time, and soon returned limited regional state. Has equipped Abolhassan Almareni Year 1347 campaign on the city of Tunis, and me by Hafsids were trounced almost being ousted Bani Marine's family in Marrakech itself. Also inherited the State Marinid, by virtue of its geographical location, a uniform policy in the tradition of Andalusia and to provide assistance to its Muslims. But differences cropped up between them and the state of Bani Red, in Granada, about having some ports Andalusian, weakened the ability of Muslims to resist, and Morocco offered the maximum itself to invade the Christian emerging, since the beginning of the ninth century AH (the beginning of the fifth century AD), until it fell Ceuta in the hands of the Portuguese in 1415 AD, Weak is Meridinide, and increased development of state worsened by widespread internal rivalries after the death of Sultan Abu Saeed year 1420 AD, and the intervention of states of Beni and Red Bani Abd El Oued in those competitions to support this or that plaintiffs throne, even moved judgment into the hands Aloutasien in the middle of the ninth century AH, and the ancestors of Aloutasien branch of the Bani Marin took control of the Fez in 875 AH, 1471 AD, leaving of Mrinyin Sultan then almost only in Marrakech. But the conflict between the two families continued Alhakmtin, and hired Marinids Aloutasien Portuguese invaders, seized these years 956 AH, 1550 AD, on Albriggh coast, where they have built a new city, and then on the coast of licorice, where they built Fort Fonte soon from the current city of Agadir. Did not save the country from danger Portuguese only emergence of family Saadia.
Saadian state supervision (956-1022 AH, 1549-1613 AD)
What failed Aloutacin in defense of the territory of Morocco, Walt almost all its ports to the states of Portugal, Spain, taking Sadion on their shoulders Jihad against the Portuguese in the south, and began Kvthm outweigh the brown bowl. They belong to a noble family descended from the descendants of Muhammad pure self sons of Hussein bin Ali, may Allah be pleased with him. The people demanded licorice Muhammad order based Al Saadi to assume leadership in the Islamic Jihad, and acknowledged by the sons and bowl in the hope that helps. The Ola would sons Mohammed Sheikh Ahmad Araj after their success in the expulsion of the Portuguese from Safi and Azemmour in the south among 1539 and 1541, but refused Mohammed Sheikh alias Mahdi View Mohammed Aloutasa, the famous orange, assume the rule of the city of Marrakech, and entered into conflict with his brother and with Aloutasien even entered Fez and proclaimed himself sultan year 956 AH, 1549 AD. And then continued his efforts against the Portuguese and Spanish in northern Morocco and authentic and recovered the small palace the years 956 and 957 e, leaving them only Tangier and Ceuta and Mzgan. It is worth mentioning in relation Saadian Ottomans in Algeria, that One Aloutasien, Abu Hassoun Ali, had managed to escape from Marrakech and request assistance from the Portuguese and Spanish and the Ottomans to restore the king, the Ottoman sultan sent for Reese Piller Bay Algeria invaded Morocco. Bringing the latter Fez monument father a few months Hassoun year 961 AH, 1554 AD, but soon recovered Mahdi capital of the kingdom. And sent a messenger to the Sultan Suleiman Mahdi called upon to rule under Ottoman sovereignty, but he refused. The issue came the Tlemcen adding a new element of the conflict between the Saadian and Ottomans. So that when family Azayanih deteriorated and ended her that Spanish troops opened the city in 950 AH, 1543 AD, ?????? people Tlemcen Muhammad Mahdi sent his forces to occupy it. Vasta favor Reese rushed extracted year 957 AH, 1550 AD, but with that has been a problem issue limits the maximum among the countries of the Maghreb and the Government of Algeria. There have been contacts between the Spanish and Muhammad al-Mahdi to create an alliance against the Ottomans in Algeria, making the benefit of Reyes and his successor, Hassan Pasha Khairuddin, were thinking about the war Saadian. After the emergence of disputes between family Saadia King become Astaanthm issue each Balospan and the Portuguese and the Ottomans a fait accompli. Fbd Malik bin Muhammad al-Mahdi expelled nephew Mutawakil and seized Marrakech year 984 AH 0.1576 m aid Ottomans, then held an alliance with the Spaniards in the year following her, giving them the privileges on the coast, and Mutawakil hired Portugal, ???? king Sebastian campaign ended defeat at the Battle of the Valley stores Year 986 AH, 1578 AD and the death of the three kings (Abdul-Malik al-Mutawakkil and Sebastian).
Came to power Ahmed, nicknamed Mounsour, after the death of his brother, Abdul Malik, was his brighter covenants Saadia. Excellence organized internal management and extending the maximum influence Morocco to Senegal basin, then enter the tricks of rivalries and alliances that have characterized European relations at the time. And after the conflict of his three sons to the throne, and hired them safe by Philip III, giving him the port of Larache, causing his death at the hands of the Mujahideen of Tetouan year 1022 AH, 1613 AD. Dispute has branched out even completely disappeared family Saadia first to the second half of the eleventh century AH (mid-seventh century AD). Has appeared, in the chaos that followed the death of Al-Mansour, political leaders independent accounted power in this region or that of Morocco Aqsa, has adopted some of the Sufi orders like the way Asamlalah in Draa and mites, and the way Aldlaúah in Fez and around, while adopted others on the basis of military organizations, including the Government of Salé, led by Abu Abdullah al-Ayashi, and has become one of the most powerful political units during the fifth decade of the eleventh century AH (the fourth decade of the seventeenth century AD). Causing a influence on the northern section between the Atlantic coast until Tetouan including Fez, and grew strength from the Jihad Marine he was doing migrant Andalusians, who have made the Spanish ships coming from America big goal for them, and has reached raids to the shores of islands North Sea.
State supervision Alawis (1050 AH, 1641 AD to today)
The founder of this state is Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Sharif (1050 - 1075 AH), pledged allegiance the people Sijilmassa about year 1050 AH, 1641 AD,, fight their Asamlala owner Draa, when he settled his rule in the South attacked the Dalai Fez and income, then remove them ??????. Came upon his brother Rashid and failures after the death of his brother Muhammad in 1075 H, 1665, seized on the Fez in the year that followed, Marrakech and settled. And so is the real founder of the Alawite family. Sentenced after his brother Ismail (1082 - 1139 H, 1672 - 1726 AD). It is one of the months sultans of this dynasty and longest era. Has enlisted an army of African slaves became known Army Obaid Al Bukhari, managed by that supports his authority on the tribes in the home and fight aliens on the coasts, Fastrd of Spaniards remaining in possession of the ports, as recovered Tangier from the English, was left in the custody of the sinuses European only Ceuta and Spanish Melilla However, and Mzgan in Portuguese. And Ismail exchange embassies with the kings of France, Spain and the Netherlands rulers, but civil wars broke out after the death of his sons Mohammed and Abdullah and King Abdullah that it has been restored to the latter. He returned stability in the reign of his son, Muhammad (1171 - 1206 H, 1757 - 1792), but the European penetration increased during his reign, was held commercial treaties with all European countries that have dealings with the Far Morocco including Spain, and gave extensive privileges to France. It also grants the Sultan Abdul Rahman bin Suleiman (1238 - 1276 H, 1822 - 1859 AD) privileges to nationals of the United States in his year 1252 AH, 1836, and held a similar treaty with Britain in 1273 AH, 1856, and increased in the custody of the danger the French after the French occupation of Algeria year AH 1246, 1830 m.
The state supervision Alawis relationship with the Ottoman State was tense at times, and sometimes cooperation against common Adutema Spain. The Ottoman sultans were keen to be recognized for them rulers of Marrakech only nominal sovereignty, but they saw themselves as deserving of such spiritual leadership belong to a lineage-Sharif, and their adherence to the title of Commander of the Faithful. The improved relations between the two parties in the reign of Sultan Mohammed bin Abdullah, who turned in his policy for closer ties with the Ottoman Empire and the Muslim Levant.
Colonial ambitions in Morocco
Began ambitions France in Morocco show since its occupation of Algeria, during the resistance Emir Abdelkader, have resulted in the defeat of the army of Sultan Abdul Rahman together with Prince and the tribes in the battle Asli in 1260 AH, 1844 AD for surrender Sultan to the demands of France both in terms of Emir Abdelkader, border, or franchises. The border issue was the most important element used by the French to put pressure on Morocco mired even finished, moreover, the right to grant protection to the Moroccans who got under the Treaty of 1863. Although Britain was preceded to get this right in 1856, followed by Spain in 1861, but France has expanded the use of that right without the other was a threat to the sovereignty of Morocco more serious. That they did not respect the decisions of the Madrid Conference for the year 1298 AH, 1880 AD, and give protection to became influential figures Fathrdahm disobedience.
When he took office Sultan Hassan bin Mohammed (1291 - 1312 e) Try to save the country, he established a regular army was able to simplify its influence central government in all areas that recognize his sovereignty nominal (country Saybah) included reforms of the judiciary and administration, and was aimed at all to strengthen his powers at home and put an end to the ambitions of Foreign Affairs. I think this authority that the best way is to find a balance between the interests of the States, and saw in the Madrid Conference a great success for his policy, because imagine that achieves a balance between interests, protects the country's ambitions of France and Spain. But he realized after the experiment to open the door of the protections to all States, not less dangerous. The increased ambitions France during the reign of the sons Hassan; Abdul Aziz (1312 - 1325 e) and Abdul Hafeez (1325 - 1331 e) and Joseph (1331 - 1346 e) a private policy that Abdul Aziz had been forced Morocco to borrowing from that state precisely a year ago (1321 H, 1903) and raised uprisings of the Interior, and the most important uprising Bouhmarh, which broke out in the eastern regions Year (1320 H, 1902) and continued until entering the French country, and the uprising Sharif Ahmed bin Mohammed See in the north, which culminated years 1322 H, 1904,, has collaborated Apostolic with the Spaniards as they started their invasion Year 1329 AH, 1911. In the year 1318 AH, 1900, France agreed with Spain on sharing the southern parts of Morocco, the engendering Spain Western Sahara and France won Mauritania, Sultan was forced to accept the fait accompli. In the same year 1318 AH France held a secret agreement with Italy provided for the removal of Italy from the Moroccan issue for a free hand to act in Tripoli and Cyrenaica. Also held amicable agreement with Britain year 1322 AH, 1904 AD in which it recognized the Britain ?????? France in Morocco over Britain's recognition of the status in Egypt. And held France another agreement in the same year with Spain on appropriate what came in the agreement friendly with Britain, which made the Sultan Abdul Aziz sends a delegation to Berlin to urge its government to assist the States ??????? Marchetti German Emperor Wilhelm to Tangier in 1323 AH, 1905, to confirm his friendship the Sultan. The conference was held island year 1324 AH, 1906, in the presence of the delegations of the same countries that attended the Madrid Conference in 1298 AH, including Morocco. Has issued its decisions in a document known as the Charter of the island states to recognize the Sultan's sovereignty and independence and territorial integrity, with commercial equality for all nations in Morocco and help the Sultan on the implementation of the reform programs. Also stipulates the establishment of a central bank with international capital, and the formation of Spanish French police led Soecere Moroccan ports. The result has been increasing internal uprisings, most notably the uprising Maouelainin in the south, which was aimed at rid Morocco maximum of foreign pressure and stop the incursion French in Mauritania. Has exploited France killed a French doctor in Marrakech in zero 1325 AH (March 1907) to be imposed on Sultan Abdul Aziz conditions and occupies the city of Jeddah and around to the east, also used the deaths of eight workers Europeans in the port of Casablanca in Jumada II of the same year and occupied the city, was held National conference next month in Marrakech declared jihad and deposed the Sultan. And spread the movement to Fez surrender Sultan to France, announced scientists wear and set his brother Abdul Hafeez in May 1326 AH (June 1908) He spent the uprising Bouhmarh and weaker See and asked France to withdraw its troops, but imposed conditions before he signed with the Convention Year 1328 AH, which, I hope, Spain turn . Surrender raised Sultan tribes Vantfdt and became Almentvdon in the spring of 1329 AH, 1911 AD threaten the capital of Fez and announced Xena sultan in Meknes, before Hafeez intervention of French troops to his aid. France registered the Fez on April 21, 1329 AH, 21 April 1911), as well as Meknes and Rabat, also revealed Spain troops in Larache, the palace and occupied by. Entered Germany compromise with France that sent a warship to protest in front of Agadir, causing a crisis intervened Britain and signed resolved satisfying Germany piece of Cameroon, and France announced protection of Morocco maximum of 11 April 1330 e, 30 March 1912, and signed Sultan Abdul Hafeez treaty protection.
Armed resistance to the occupation. Uprising erupted in Fez days after the imposition of protection. Have begun sparked the first among the soldiers, and so when she wanted the French authorities to reduce their salaries by a third and subjected to the leadership of the French and regulations, did not listen Sultan to their complaints, They declared on 29 April 1330 e (April 17 1912) out on the authority of the Government stored under foreign influence. And quickly respond to the civilian population and joined the uprising, also swept the revolutionary movement surrounding areas Fez Although Gen. Moigny managed to enter the city after three days and the suppression of the uprising. The result was that rallied several tribes of the atlas and hit with Chaouia siege around Fez, where the French garrison, did not save her only appointment of General Pierre Ute commander of the army of occupation alongside his resident years in 7 Jumada II (24 May), and worked to appease the people of Fez and nearly scientists University of villagers and managed to break the siege of city Bdehaúh. These incidents have prompted Abdul Hafeez to abdicate on 27 Shaaban 1330 AH, August 12, 1912 to his brother Joseph. Has focused Moroccan-French resistance in the two regions, the South and Middle Atlas Mountains. In the south carry the gift of God Ben Maouelainin call his father in jihad and rallied the people of licorice, including many of the leaders who were representing the government of Fez, and was able in August 1330 e, August 1912, from entering the city of Marrakech and admitted his senate presidency. Although the Ute sent a large force led by Gen. Mangan able grab Marrakech in November and the occupation of Agadir and Castle Tarodn year 1331 AH, September 1913, forcing God's gift to retreat to Mauritania, but the French presence in the south remained confined between ports and forts, and no occupation licorice only Year 1353 H, 1934, thus linking the French protectorate Morocco colony of Mauritania. The tribes continued calamity in the Atlas Mountains East Sanhaja and Zenata Zayer in resilience, some remained, declining to the French authorities until the year 1352 AH, 1933 AD. Ute was not able to enter the city of Taza in Rajab 1332 AH, June 1914, only with great difficulties, but for its operations in the Middle Atlas region generally beyond the First World War. However, it was recruited to Ute tens of thousands of Moroccans during the war, and sent them to the battlefronts European fight battles under the flag French, pulled France a large part of its forces in Morocco, forcing the Ute to open the door to volunteers for Moroccans to serve in the army of Sultan official, and the introduction of a large number of Algerians to fill the shortage, with demonstrations by force of camouflage.
French has faced resistance after the war, in particular in the Tadla, the eastern part of the Middle Atlas Mountains, and in the territory of Tafilalet the south-east of Morocco. The resistance claims in Tafilalet Sharif Asamlala dependent on the Ait Atta tribe, the French have not been able to access those remote areas only in 1349-1350 AH, 1930-1931 AD after death Asamlala and enter mechanical units in the army of occupation. In general, the lack of coordination between the various resistance movements and Atsaf many of which tendency tribalism and regionalism were of the most important factors of vulnerability.
As for the Spanish occupation, has begun Spain occupies a rural area on the appropriate agreement with France in 1322 AH, 1904 AD, he railed Sharif Ahmed See (from the tribe of Bani loop) to the Sultan and abducted the U.S. consul and his family. He was appointed Sultan Abdul Hafeez then governor Aljebalh of the rural population, and easy descent of Spanish troops in the port of Larache in November 1330 e, September 1911 in the hope that recognition as a Spanish independence management Aljebalh, and assume the position Khalifa Sultan in the Spanish influence. But disappointed appointed one of his relatives Khalifa Sultan in Tetouan year 1331 AH, 1913, and occupied the authentic Spanish and Tetouan in the same year. During the First World War a truce with the Spaniards See Year 1333 AH, 1915 AD, leaving governor territory Aljebalh. Contact See the Germans during the war, making Spain change its policy with him to appease France and roll into territory Aljebalh, occupies Chefchaouen in February 1339 e, October 1920, after suffering heavy losses. But Apostolic preferred cooperation with the Spaniards, although that is subject to Muhammad ibn Abd al-Krim, to be able to expel the Spaniards rhetorical and captured the year 1343 AH, 1925. Began rhetorical resistance movement after that captured Spain on Chefchaouen and concentrating its forces on the country's rural areas, and won it when Auburn in September 1339 e, May 1921, and encouraged him that victory to attack centers other Spanish, and contributed to victories in expanding its influence among the people and strengthen the leadership of the tribe and Rjagl that moved him after his father's death in 1338 AH, 1920 AD.
In month of November, while Prince rhetorical besieging Aejrebin, arrived commanding general Sylvester to the rescue of the garrison confined, but decided to pull out when he found had fallen, Vtaatbath forces Prince and docked him 12 Dhul 1339 e, July 18, 1921, at the Battle looms, where wiped out this Last campaign the entire Spanish including Sylvester commander himself, was the biggest defeat inflicted Arab Army European army in modern and contemporary history. He became famous Prince and later handed him other rural tribes leadership endowed to besiege Spanish centers, Vtehrt country almost countryside and captured a large number of Spaniards who became their presence limited to the city of Tetouan, ports and some forts in Aljebalh.
The results of the victory looms boot to the occurrence of a military coup in Spain carried out by Primo de Rivera in January 1342 e, September 1923. He asked rhetorically of Spaniards evacuated from the areas they occupied and withdraw to Ceuta and Melilla, and when he refused to Tetouan attacked in the summer of 1343 H, 1924, which called Primo de Rivera to attend and oversee the fighting himself. Spaniards pulled out of Chefchaouen the other in the spring of 1343 AH, November 1924, having suffered significant losses and seemed unable to undermine the Prince and his forces. Then France decided to intervene, has begun preparations for war by building centers in the valley and Rgh since Ramadan 1342 AH, April 1924, and met Prince protested war and take precautions necessary for the defense. The French also took laying Sufi leaders with money and arms to stir up unrest in the liberated areas, and when he attacked one corner of rural way Darquaouih near the border on September 19, 1343 AH, April 1925, the French intervention under the pretext of protecting their supporters. Then widened hostilities Vvajot forces Prince ability policemen and efficient leaders, where they committed the French defensive over four months and besieged their command centers in the eye of Aisha, and reached some forces countryside to a distance of 20 miles from Fez, and threatened to Taza, also inflicted enemy losses.
And rural forces were able to withstand a full year (November 1343 - November 1344 e) in the face of three marshals and forty generals and the fundamental forces of the two European, as well as those who ????????? of U.S. pilots mercenaries to use the latest means of bombers. Did not turn the French to attack in zero 1344 AH, September 1925, but after that were brought supplies enormous even reached the French force Spanish 280 thousand troops and 132 aircraft, and lured Sultan Yusuf declare Amir countryside a disobedient breakers legitimate authority and mobilize tribes to fight. He also held the French and Spanish conference in Madrid decided to coordinate military operations between the two leaderships, and anti-arms trade between rural and Europe organized patrols along the northern coast of Morocco, has been engaged the British fleet monitoring in Tangier regional waters. The parties also pledged not to diplomatic action or signing a separate peace with the enemy without the agreement with the other party. Before carrying out the attack big governments have issued an official communiqué on 22 Muharram 1344 AH, 12 August 1925 have shown a willingness to hand over administrative independence of the countryside provided that recognizes Prince Sultan rhetorical sovereignty supreme represented in person Khalifa Tetouan. And that such political maneuvering apparently.
On 16 February 1344 e, 5 September 1925, Spaniards succeeded with the help of the French navy landing their soldiers to a place near Al_husemat Bay and were able at the beginning of winter grab Agadir, capital of the prince. He took the French stopped military operations in winter inducing tribes loyal to him, I started this recent shake around and accelerated to get the best terms from the French and Spanish, and the failed attempts Prince rhetorical to stop this decay did not hesitate to ask for a truce to end the conflict through negotiations. And put French and Spanish governments to tough conditions is to recognize the independence of rural administrative limits of international treaties (ie accepting a treaty of protection), and recognition of the sovereignty of the Sultan, and leave the rhetoric of the country and dispossession of rural tribes arms. When he accepted Prince in the hope that preserves the rural people a degree of autonomy, and held negotiations Ougda in 5 November 1344 e, April 18, 1926, claimed the French and Spanish negotiators-Aargulwnha provide more arbitrary demands which led to the failure of the talks and the resumption of hostilities. Fell the rhetorical Prince headquarters in Fort Trgest in a November 10, May 23, and is in turn surrendered to the French, two days after, Vaattabroh a prisoner of war and expelled with his brother and some relatives to the island of Reunion in the Indian Ocean. When they wanted to transfer to France after twenty years took advantage of Prince ship's arrival by traveling to Suez resorted to the Egyptian authorities Year 1366 AH, 1947, and settled in Cairo that died out years 1382 H, 1963, which does not believe in without armed struggle to liberate the Arab Maghreb.
Colonialism and the division of Morocco. France imposed on 11 Rabi 1330 e, 30 March 1912 at the Sultan Abdul Hafeez signing of the Treaty of Protection of nine articles made from Morocco maximum protected and described similar to what outcome of the Tunis in 1300, 1883, after the signing of the Treaties of Bardo and the marina. This is because materials treaty stripped Sultan of all his powers actual at home and abroad, and referred to the Department of Protection and foremost resident French public, and allowed it to enter what you see useful of administrative reforms, judicial, financial and military, also made representation Morocco maximum abroad hands representatives of France and ???????. No longer the Sultan only nominal power of signature legislative decrees which were provided to him, and no longer from the Government of the store only traditional formal appearance. Gelat Resident Representative of France to the Sultan sees to the implementation of the Treaty, and Sultan mediator in its relations with the representatives of foreign countries, and expensive in all matters relating to foreigners, and has the authority to approve and publish all the decrees issued by the Sultan. This has prompted the restrictions imposed by the Treaty protection and indignation of the people of Sultan Abdul Hafeez to waive the year 1330 AH, 1912, to his brother Yusuf bin Hassan. France has signed on 17 Dhul Hijjah 1330 AH, 27 November 1912 agreement with Spain to Morocco sharing between them. Has distinguished the agreement between the two in the area of ??influence Spanish in terms of their status legal, includes the first section enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla and the Ifni in the south where he practiced Spain sovereign rights without restriction, including Section II northern Morocco from the Algerian border to a point south of Port Larache on the Atlantic Coast derives Spain and the presence of protection treaty between France and the Sultan, represented by Khalifa resides in Tetouan and is subject to the supervision of the Spanish administration, as he himself is subject to the establishment of the French public, and exercise when Spain powers of protection. The agreement also confirms make Tangier neutral zone, then her evolution to internationalization in May 1342 H, December 1923. And thus become Morocco in the era of protection is divided into four regions differ from each other in terms of legal status. In the French protectorate, Department of Resident General Manager Morocco to three devices are: Warehouse Management, which has kept nature old, and management Sharifianism new by the intellectuals Moroccans of the Department of Special Technical Balohala, and public accommodation which dominates the country's politics Supreme in the areas of foreign, defense and public security . Remained in the cabinet only three Moroccans, are chest greatest moved most of its powers to the Secretary General of protection, and the Minister of Justice, who became his powers real Sharia courts and religious institutions, however, Prime monitor Justice Department Sharifianism, while the Department of Justice French purely and Minister of Awqaf which the actual authority employee, however, French the Sharifianism Administration, at a time and put the departments of Agriculture and Finance and Public Works and mail industry in the hands of French managers manage direct management. Observers also appointed French outside the capital approaching to monitor pashas and Moroccan leaders regions. Under this administration, the maximum income Morocco French agricultural settlers and owners of character, businessmen and trade, and although the resident Ute did not encourage immigration, the total area of ??land that I own French in his 400 thousand hectares. The open door immigration and settlement after the floodgates, settlers took advantage of the Algeria easy Helicobacter in the east, and concentrate a large number of centenarians in plain Chaouia. In July 1337 e, April 1919, Astsdrt public accommodation hinterland passport exploitation of tribal lands is cultivated in exchange for a nominal rent, and reached the European monarchies in the forties of the twentieth century, about one million hectares accounted for the lion's share in the distribution of water, causing great damage to agriculture eligibility. The companies also private French capitalism searching for underground resources and exploited mines and phosphate minerals such as iron, manganese, lead, cobalt, copper and other Morocco.
Moroccan national movement. France sought to stir pride Berber in Morocco Max, Fastsdrt Location hinterland (legally) in 1332 AH, 1914 AD, barbarians out of the Judicial Department of Forensic Council makes the group or tribe specialists into civil affairs. The resident Lucien San surrounded by a group of advisers known mass barbarism because it calls for the separation of the Berbers of the Government of the store in preparation for their integration in the French environment, and included their plan to revive the Berber dialects typed in Latin letters, as missionaries focused their activity in the Berber areas. In 1349 AH, 1930 AD, resident Astsdr General hinterland new councils gave the group official status around to civilian courts, and spent logged knew Berbers to become legally recognized for those courts. As disarmament consider criminal justice leaders and pashas, ??who represent the Sultan, and set up new courts in the Berber areas of French magistrates to apply French criminal law. Vastdm back with strong opposition from the same Berber tribes and violent reaction in Morocco and the general Muslim world.
The national political movement began in Morocco in the form of private associations with educational and social goals founded by young graduates of French schools in Rabat like Ahmed Plavrig, along with Salafi religious associations established by young villagers Fez likes Allal El Fassi to resist Sufi beliefs. And convergence of youth Rabat and Fez even formed the nucleus of the Moroccan labor block, which emerged as a political movement and widespread after the barbarian back. Issuing year 1351 AH, 1932 AD magazine in French was in Paris under the name of magazine Morocco, and Morocco on behalf of magazine work Moroccan, also revealed the cluster to the field of mass action in 1353 AH, 1934 AD during the visit of Sultan Mohammed Ben Youssef (1346-1380 AH) to Fez. Its program abrogate the French aspects of direct rule and the application of the Treaty of protection in letter and spirit, and the establishment of the rule of constitutional monarchy and causing Moroccans functions, and the separation of powers, and the establishment of municipal and regional councils and a national council of all its members from the Moroccans. Has tried to block use of the Popular Front government in France in 1355 H, 1936, it issued my newspaper Atlas Arabic and popular work in French, and proceeded Allal El Fassi, Mohamed Wazzani in organizing real party, elected him a temporary committee until conditions permit a national conference was the presidency of the Fassi and the Secretariat of the ?????. The latter, however, announced his withdrawal from the bloc following the establishment of an independent party on behalf of the People's Party, was replaced in the Secretariat of Ahmed Plavrig block. Branch claims bloc in the Spanish occupation Abdelkhalek Torres, but this section separated after Franco's coup in Spain. As French authorities have to solve the cluster on 25 Dhul Hijjah 1355 AH, August 8, 1937, re-composition led on behalf of the National Party to Moroccan demands that managed to win official recognition. But the party's support for the movement Meknes against management bias in the distribution of irrigation water for super-centenarians of the French in 1356 AH, 1937 AD display resolve by resident year Nuces which denied party leaders, including Allal El Fassi, also outside the country. When World War II broke Sultan Mohammed Ben Youssef on 18 Rajab 1358 AH, (3 September 1939) for his support and his support for France and its allies, but the Vichy government's policy towards the colonies he lost confidence in France. As welcomed American armies when the descent in Morocco in 1361, 1942, making President Roosevelt take the opportunity of meeting Ptcherthl Casablanca in January 1362, December 1943, to meet the Sultan without mediation French resident-general. Moroccan teams have contributed to the Allied military operations in Europe remarkable contribution within the Free French armies along with fellow Algerians and Tunisians.
On 16 January 1363 e, 11 December 1944 Moroccan nationalists held a conference the form of a shift in the history of the Moroccan national movement, because of its foundation Independence Party and his decision to abandon the policy of independence in stages and demanding to drop the protection directly condition in advance to negotiate with France. The party raised three principles to the Sultan is to demand independence and territorial integrity of Morocco, and closer ties with the countries of the world in general and the Arab and Islamic countries in particular, and to maintain the property with them a constitutional monarchy. Fully demonstrating the Sultan compassion on the party and its principles remained so even get Morocco on independence, while Re Resident-General Djibril Pew party manifesto arrest leaders and suppression of mass demonstrations that came out in favor of it in Casablanca and Fez during the month of Safar 1363 AH, February, 1944, and sent the Government of Paris Sultan threatening. But had to design popular protests Sultan, to appoint Socialist Eric Lebon resident new year in the early 1365 H, 1946, Hasten release most political prisoners and re-leaders exiles including Allal El Fassi and Ahmed Plavrig and Mohammed Wazzani and commenced administrative reforms and economic did not satisfy the national and angered settlers. Took advantage and the French foreign minister's speech Sultan in Tangier year 1366 AH, 1947 AD, which announced the territorial integrity of Morocco and praised the Arab League, to persuade the government to send Gen. Alphonse Joan resident new year, the son of one of the settlers in Algeria, to terrorize the Sultan and national. Causing a reign from 1366 to 1371 AH, 1947 to 1951, during which he spent all freedoms, also began a program reforms aimed at establishing the principle of dual sovereignty, which has never been stated by the French for Morocco maximum, the opposite of what they did in Tunisia.
When all else fails attempts Independence Party to negotiate with the Paris directly and convince good intentions, and narrowed down on their leaders in Morocco joined Allal El Fassi in Cairo Jumada II 1366 AH, May 1947, and in the same year solution by Prince Mohammed bin Abdul Karim rhetorical and took leadership office of the Maghreb, and in time who was the Sultan resist what could Resident-General Policy and refuses sign Alzaaúr (laws) provided by him, which made the French government invites him to visit Paris perhaps transforming the position of the opposition. But he made notes in Hijja 1369, October 1950, which expressed its desire to launch public freedoms and change the nature of relations with France, and that meant removing protection. Paying resident Tohamy Algelawi, his influence in the south, to gather the tribes loyal to him and crawl on the ligament in Rabi 1370, January 1951. The French forces then surrounded the palace on the grounds of protecting the Sultan, and gave him an ultimatum Resident-General asking him by issuing a statement condemning the Independence Party or abdicate otherwise isolated. And the Sultan was forced to sign the required condemnation without mentioning the party. And took advantage of public accommodation authorization to arrest more national and force the Sultan to isolate employees suspected of inclination of the Independence Party and a number of them away from the country. This has had a resonance in the Arab countries and the world, expressed the Arab League support for Morocco and raised his case to the United Nations, which refused to intervene in the matter.
At the end of 1371 AH, 18 August 1951, she was appointed France Gen. Guillaume resident new year in Morocco did not vary his policy of his predecessor, which froze relations between France and the Sultan, and formed a National Front of Moroccan parties submitted on 17 Rabi 1371 AH, January 1952 memorandum to the latter included national aspirations as independent Arab states submitted a protest to the United Nations and France on the situation in Morocco, which has encouraged the Sultan to direct a new note to the President of the French Republic on 14 Jumada II, March 14, endorsed the national demands.
The issue was raised again in front of Moroccan United Nations, and in the meantime Tunisian trade union leader was assassinated Hached declared Independence Party general strike in solidarity. The colonial authorities faced popular protests in Casablanca shot inciting the massacre, and detained large numbers including the leaders of the party, has also announced the dissolution of the party to disable Arab newspapers.
And what came to power in Paris Aniel's right-leaning government in September 1372, May 1953 held by the Ministry of Foreign cruciate Beidou, renewed the idea of ??deposed Sultan. And active Thami new Algelawi in the south, assisted Abdulhai flaxen head way linen, presenting petitions to the French government demanding isolating the Sultan Vokdmt the command Boukala day of Eid al-Adha 1372, 20 August 1953, and transferred to Corsica
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